Types of paediatric cancers treated by KZN Specialised Paediatric Surgical Services

Paediatric cancers are diverse, and each type has unique characteristics, requiring different treatment approaches. Childhood cancers can be broadly divided into solid tumours and blood cancers.  Blood and lymphatic system cancers such as Leukaemia and Lymphomas are generally treated by paediatricians and oncologists; the paediatric surgeon does assist with biopsy and chemotherapy port insertion.

Here are some examples of the most prevalent solid childhood cancers managed by our team:

• Wilms' tumour: Wilms' tumour is a cancer that affects the kidneys and is most commonly diagnosed in children under the age of five.
• Neuroblastoma: Neuroblastoma is cancer that develops in the nerve cells and can occur anywhere in the body. It is most commonly found in the adrenal glands, which are located above the kidneys.
• Hepatoblastoma: The most common malignant liver tumour in children.
• Sarcomas: Sarcomas are cancers that develop in the bones or soft tissues, such as muscle, fat, or cartilage. They can be rhabdomyosarcoma, osteosarcoma or Ewing sarcoma.

Signs and symptoms of paediatric tumours

The signs and symptoms of Paediatric tumours can vary widely depending on the type, location, and size of the tumour. Some tumours may cause no symptoms at all, while others may cause a range of signs and symptoms that can differ from child to child. Here are some typical signs and symptoms of tumours in children:

• Easy bleeding or bruising
• Unusual lumps or swelling
• Unexplained lack of energy
• Paleness
• Limping
• Sudden, unexplained weight loss
• Changes in vision or eyes, which may occur suddenly
• Frequent headaches, which may be accompanied by vomiting
• Pain in a specific area of the body
• Unexplained illnesses or fevers that are ongoing

Treatment

The main goal of treatment is to remove as much of the tumour as possible while preserving the function of the affected organ or body part. The exact surgical procedure depends on the type, size, and location of the tumour. Here are some of the surgical treatments commonly used for Paediatric tumours:

• Biopsy: A small amount of tissue is removed from the tumour during this procedure, which is then analysed under a microscope. This can help to determine the type of tumour and the best treatment approach.
• Excision: This is the complete removal of the tumour and surrounding tissue. It is the preferred treatment for benign tumours and some types of cancer that have not spread.
• Resection: This is the surgical removal of a portion of an organ or body part affected by the tumour. This is often used for tumours that cannot be completely removed due to their location or size.
• Radiation therapy: This treatment method involves the use of high-energy radiation to eliminate cancer It may be used as the primary treatment for certain types of tumours or in combination with surgery to eliminate any remaining cancer cells.
• Chemotherapy: The administration of drugs to eliminate cancer cells is referred to as chemotherapy. Typically, it is used alongside surgical intervention to either reduce the size of the tumour before surgery or eradicate any residual cancer cells following surgery.
• Reconstructive surgery: This surgery can be used to help restore the function and appearance of the affected body part after tumour This may involve the use of prosthetics or tissue grafts.

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